Thumb Dominance free essay sample

This experiment will determine whether for thumbs of clasped hands is a relationship between R-handedness or left handedness and which thumb is clasped on top of the other thumb. Question: * Does one inherited trait always influence another closely related trait? Research Reiss M. The genetics of hand-claspinga review and a familial study. Ann Hum Biol 1999 Jan-Feb; 26(1):39-48 Hand-clasping refers to the preferential tendency for individuals to clasp the hands together. This paper reviews the previous literature on family data and twins, and reports new data. In this study about 55% of the population are left-hand-claspers, 44% are right-hand-claspers, and the remaining 1% report that they have no preference or are indifferent. Familial data suggest that hand-clasping may be under genetic control: although the data do not fit any straightforward recessive or dominant Mendelian model, they are compatible with the type of model invoking fluctuating asymmetry which has been used to explain the inheritance of handedness and arm-folding. We will write a custom essay sample on Thumb Dominance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is possible that hand-clasping, as for example arm-folding, may be an idiosyncrasy due to or influenced by physical bilateral differences in the hands. All data together are suggestive of a genetic basis, although environmental influences are also evident. http://www. bio. net/bionet/mm/neur-sci/2001-November/047260. html Hypothesis There is no correlation between which thumb is on top and the hand dominance when the hands are clasped. In this hypothesis we accept that these two characteristics are genetically unrelated. Data Collected Table 1: consists of all the data collected. Full data is located at the end of report. * Neither means that the subjects placed their thumbs side by side each other. Table 1: consists of all the data collected. Full data is located at the end of report. * Neither means that the subjects placed their thumbs side by side each other. # of Participant| Right handed| R. H. Dominate| L. H Dominate| Neither| Left handed| R. H. Dominate| L. H Dominate| Neither| 40| 30| 9| 17| 4| 10| 7| 2| 1| We were asked to gather information from subjects regarding right or left dominates. 0 subjects were approached and asked to clasps their hands together and if they were right or left handed. The data was collected categorised in the table above. The graph shows the total results collected. We were asked to gather information from subjects regarding right or left dominates. 40 subjects were approached and asked to clasps their hands together and if they were right or left handed. The data was collected categorised in the table above. The graph shows the total results collected. Table 2: consists of all the data compiled Table 2: consists of all the data compiled Conclusion This experiment was more interesting than I expected. At first I thought that everyone that was right handed would be left hand dominate and the opposite if they were left handed. I was intrigued to find out that this isn’t the case, after testing the first few subject I released that there are some people that don’t even naturally cross their thumbs, they just naturally place their thumbs side by side. Another interesting conclusion was my parents, I just assumed that the results would be the same as mine but they were completely opposite.

The Conifer Killer Tree Diseases

The Conifer Killer Tree Diseases There are virulent diseases that attack coniferous trees which ultimately cause death or devalue a tree in the urban landscape and rural forest to the point where they need to be cut. Five of the most malignant diseases have been suggested by foresters and landowners at Abouts Forestry Forum. I have ranked these diseases according to their ability to cause aesthetic and commercial damage. Here they are: #1 - Armillaria Root Disease: The disease attacks both hardwoods and softwoods and can kill shrubs, vines, and forbs in every state in the United States. It is pervasive in North America, commercially destructive and is my pick for the worst disease.The Armillaria sp. can kill trees that are already weakened by competition, other pests, or climatic factors. The fungi also infect healthy trees, either killing them outright or predisposing them to attacks by other fungi or insects.More on Armillaria Root Disease. #2 - Diplodia Blight of Pines: This disease attacks pines and is most damaging to plantings of both exotic and native pine species in 30 Eastern and Central States. The fungus is seldom found in natural pine stands.  Diplodia pinea kills current-year shoots, major branches, and ultimately entire trees. The effects of this disease are most severe in landscape, windbreak, and park plantings. Symptoms are brown, stunted new shoots with short, brown needles.More on Diplodia Blight of Pines .​​ #3 - White Pine Blister Rust:​ The disease attacks pines with 5 needles per fascicle. That includes Eastern and Western white pine, sugar pine and limber pine. Seedlings are in greatest danger.  Cronartium ribicolais a rust fungus and can only be infected by basidiospores produced on Ribes (current and gooseberry) plants. It is native to Asia but was introduced to North America. It has invaded most white pine areas and is still making progress into the Southwest and into southern California.More on White Pine Blister Rust. #4 - Annosus Root Rot: The disease is a rot of conifers in many temperate parts of the world. The decay, called annosus root rot, often kills conifers. It occurs over much of the Eastern U.S. and is very common in the South.The fungus,Fomes annosus, usually enters by infecting freshly cut stump surfaces. That makes annosus root rot a problem in thinned pine plantations. The fungus produces conks that form at the root collar on roots of living or dead trees and on stumps or on slash. More on Annosus Root Rot. #5 - Fusiform Rust of Southern Pines: This disease causes death within five years of a trees life if a stem infection occurs. Mortality is heaviest on trees less than 10 years old. Millions of dollars are lost annually to timber growers because of the disease. The fungus Cronartium fusiforme requires an alternate host to complete its life cycle. Part of the cycle is spent in the living tissue of pine stems and branches, and the remainder in the green leaves of several species of oak. More on Fusiform Rust of Southern Pines.

Tesco Supply Chain Management Practices Case Study Essay

Tesco Supply Chain Management Practices Case Study - Essay Example They were the authors of the book known as ‘The Machine that changed the world’ which was in charge of introducing the concepts of lean production for the Toyota Company (Indu & Gupta, 2004). The experts found out that the company indulged in many unnecessary handlings whereby there would be improvements along with reductions in the costs the company incurred. They additionally found out that there were longer lead times, poor availability of products along with locations of stores. The company in turn established a system for continuous replenishment, which enabled their products to have immediate replenishment (Womack & Jones, 2006). They have also been reducing their handling of goods while also streamlining their flows. They were able to accomplish this by using dollies on wheels, which replaced shelves. The dollies could be sent from the suppliers and into their delivery Lorries and taken back to the stores. They helped in reducing the companies need for handling th e products since their products were just being loaded at the end of the company’s production line and taken directly by wheels to their supermarkets (Ohno, 2005). This move helped the company in reducing their touch points for drinks by 150 locations along with the transit times. However, the multiple trips that were carried out resulted in higher costs for the company but these costs were covered by decreases in their inventory costs. The company also had agreements with other companies such as P&G, Unilever along with Coca Cola in order to alter their schedules for distribution (Womack & Jones, 2006). This in turn enabled them to reduce their lead times by fifteen days since the daily deliveries made through their wheeled pallets, which enabled the placement of their goods directly on the shelves of many of their outlets (Bicheno, 2008). The company’s holding of stock reduced greatly from over four to two weeks while their service levels also improved by over six pe rcent. The company’s use of lean production methods in the above aspects helped them see their profits jump from 16,452 million pounds in the year 1998 to 37,070 million pounds in the year 2005 making them the biggest grocery within the United Kingdom (Indu & Gupta, 2004). Due to the company’s use of lean production systems, they were able to reduce their storage locations from five to two, their order entry locations from six to just one and their service levels from 98.5% to 99.5%. They were additionally able to reduce their throughput times from twenty to just five days, which represented a 75% reduction in their total inventory (Womack & Jones, 2006). The Tesco Company initiated a ‘step change’ curriculum, which was used for identifying the processes in their supply chains that required transformations. This program helped the company in eliminating several of the unnecessary procedures that enabled them to save about two hundred and seventy million po unds in the years 2004 to 2005. The changes that were implemented under the program additionally helped in simplifying the operations in their stores while freeing up their employees so that they could more effectively attend to their customer’s needs (Ohno, 2005). The company introduced operations across docks that involved goods being loaded into one

Best Practice Approach in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Best Practice Approach in Marketing - Essay Example Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Marketing is a process in which an organization identifies the need of a customer and brings to the market a product which satisfied that need, the customer buys the product for satisfaction of the need which results in profit for the organization. It is mutually beneficial process. Marketing is very dynamic function and its definition has been evolving through time. In 1985, The American Marketing Association defined marketing as â€Å"Marketing is the process of planning and executing conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of goods, ideas and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals.† In 2004 the definition was changed to â€Å"Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing custo mer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.† And again as marketing grew into a broader term in 2007 the AMA defined marketing as â€Å"Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.† This definition defines marketing as a process that creates something of value for anybody who has a need of that value. Target market is a very key marketing element. An organizational cannot produce enough to satisfy all the needs of all the people. It has to target the customers whom it feels it can satisfy through its organizational processes in a mutually beneficial way.... ting is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large." This definition defines marketing as a process that creates something of value for anybody who has a need of that value. Elements of the Marketing Concept (200) Target market is a very key marketing element. An organizational cannot produce enough to satisfy all the needs of all the people. It has to target the customers whom it feels it can satisfy through its organizational processes in a mutually beneficial way. It has to evaluate itself and the market to find who it can cater too The second key element of the marketing concept is trying to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers of the selected target market. For this purpose 4 elements are identified and called the marketing mix. (Frederick Crane, 2003) These are controllable variables which are used to increase the level of satisfaction for the customer. These elements are: 1- Product- It is what the organization wants to sell to the customer considering the value and benefits it will produce for the customer. 2- Price- It is the price that the customer will have to pay to attain the product to satisfy his needs. 3- Place- It is where the product is going to be sold, in retail stores, in exclusive stores, what distribution channel will be used to make the product accessible. Place should always be selected as per the convenience of the customer. 4- Promotion- It is the type of promotional tools used to promote the product, like advertising, package design, sales techniques and personal relations tactics. Promotion should be able to communicate things that needed to be told to the customer, very well. Coordinated

Medicare corruption in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicare corruption in the United States - Essay Example receiving red lights from various media like the New York Times and the Federal agents searching for illegal documents that might have translated to fraud. Eventually, Columbia/HCA confessed to committing criminal and civil fraud that amounted to fines of $1.7 billion. The company was forced to change its name to HCA Incorporation in 1999. In 2009, 94 people were charged with cases of fraudulent Medicare claims by the Medicare Fraud Strike Task force. It was the largest number ever charged by the Agency and a total of $251 million was involved in the fraud (WEISER, 2013). In 2011, the same agency charged 91 defendants for taking part in Medicare fraud schemes which involved $259million in false billing. In 2012, the same agency convicted two people for participating in Medicare fraud schemes which involved $1.9 million. Last year, the same agency charged 89 people which included the doctor’s nurses and other medical professions for involving themselves in Medicare Fraud scheme s which totaled to $223 million. Apart from this single cases other drug agencies like GlaxoSmithKline. In June 2nd 2012, the company was on the spotlight again and was forced to pay a fine of $3 billion after it emerged that the company was selling unfit drugs. This is also the largest drug scandal in the world. Just recently, four GSK staff in China was detained after it emerged that the four were engaged in fraud. According to the BBC News, the four had been channeling the money to a traveling agency to influence and bribe doctors to prescribe their company’s drugs. It is imperative to hear this and although you cannot control how doctors prescribe these drugs it became a big scandal when it was discovered (Tom Holland, 2013). It is argued that increased government participation into the Medicare services is leading to massive corruption. This paper therefore recommends that the government of US privatize Medicare services to avoid cases of corruption. Various changes to the

Business Process in The Wedding Planning

Business Process in The Wedding Planning Introduction: The report focuses on the business process associated with the wedding planning which ultimately proves to be very helpful in establishing the business in this field. Wedding planning is considered as the emerging business area due to the busy lifestyles of people; people themselves have limited time due to their vocations and thus require an institution which can manage all the activities associated with the wedding event. The report thoroughly identifies the information regarding the wedding planning and its functions, business description of the wedding planning, requirements of customers regarding wedding event, scope of business, targeted customers, market analysis, porters 5 forces model, marketing strategies, and financial feasibility associated with the business of wedding event. The report proves to be very helpful in identifying and implementing the strategies for the commencement of wedding planning business. Wedding Planning: Wedding planning may be regarded as formulating plans associated with the wedding for their effective implementation in the event so as to ensure its success. The business pertaining to the wedding planning includes: Conducting the interview of the couple and their family in order to recognize their requirements regarding wedding event. Preparation of budget for the wedding related expenses. Formulating the elaborated checklist near about one year before the event. Preparation of the guest list. Recognizing various venues for the event like hotels, marriage gardens, wedding manor etc. Planning associated with the decoration as per the customers requirement. Recognizing and recruiting various wedding service providers and professionals like photographers, videographers, caterers, florists, decorators, beauticians, musicians, bakers etc. Preparing and executing various contracts with all the parties. Management of various services and deliveries on the day of wedding event. Preparation of a alternative back up plan in case of any emergency or disaster. Managing the schedule of wedding with the help of software. Preparation of legal translations and documentations for the destinations of the event. Planning associated with the gift distribution to the guests. Providing various honeymoon packages to the couple (Lets Get Planning !). Business Description: Wedding Planning business in the recent time is considered as the most innovative and growing business in the world. In todays scenario, due to busy nature of engaged people no one is able to plan marriage in systematic manner. For overcoming this problem the business of wedding planner came into light. The United Arab Emirates is the place where people are rushed for marriage purpose and for these emirates has become a world class destination for tourists (UAE Customs and Traditions). Requirements: The United Arab Emirates is the best place for tourism. This country is a corporate hub in the world. As a tradition in the UAE, the beginning of wedding starts with the setting of wedding date. This event requires lots of preparations and planning and for this purpose Wedding Planning business facilitates means to the groom and bride to make their marriage memorable (UAE Customs and Traditions). Scope of Business: The wedding planning business has enormous scope in the todays existing world similarly it also plays significant role in the UAE economy. The scopes of wedding planning business in the UAE are as follows: One of the advantages of having wedding planner is, it facilitates everything that we want for wedding. It organizes and plan wedding in accordance to clients desire. It facilitates best deal with money because they are experienced in the searching of best wedding deals and also easily deal with vendors. Although wedding planners are also able to handle emergencies in the wedding. The main advantage of having wedding planner is it saves lot of time. They are responsible for each planning such as contacting vendors, budget, selection of wedding items etc (Wedding Planning Scope Statement ; Benefits of having a Wedding Planner). Target Consumers: The target customers of wedding planner are people who are living in United Arab Emirates. Wedding planning business is aimed for facilitating services to the consumers by offering various facilities at optimum cost and time. The targeted group of customers is between the age group of 18 to 40 years. Market Analysis: A thorough market analysis and research is required for the establishment of wedding planning business, market research will helpful in the systematic identification of customers need and requirement associated with the wedding event compliance with the latest market trends. Market analysis helps the business in following ways: Identification of tastes and preferences of customers regarding the wedding event so as to provide customized services. It helps in deliverance of augmented services as per the latest market trends. It helps in gathering the information associated with the competitors in the same business field and which ultimately assist in having competitive advantage over others. It helps in formulation of various marketing strategies associated with the business like pricing, promotion, location, enhancement of services etc. It helps in expanding the market intermediaries of the business. It helps in target market, market positioning and market segmentation of the business. 5 Forces Model: Porters five forces are applied to business strategy and then analyzed the needs of indusial sectors. These forces are competitive factors and comprises of suppliers, substitute products, rivalry within an industry, customers or buyers, and new entrants. These forces have significant effects on the wedding business. The model of five forces is shown below: http://www.smartkpis.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/5-Forces-Model1.png Source: http://www.smartkpis.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/5-Forces-Model1.png Industry Competitors: Rivalries strategies in the market have significant impact. They use means such as advertising, more attractive customer service, prices competition, introduction of new products etc. before establishing wedding business there is need to analyze industry competitors. Pressure from Substitute Products: Substitute products are the results of industry competition and involve identification of other products that can perform same function. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Suppliers have a significant influence over an industry because they influence the product quality and prices also. Bargaining Power of Buyers: The bargaining power of buyers forces for prices down with the demand of high quality services and products and that resulted as loss of business. There is need to set prices of services by keeping in mind about the price strategy according to the buyers bargaining power. Potential Entrants: The existing entrepreneurs are responsible for the new entrants and it depends on the barriers to entry. If the existing businesses are not satisfying their consumers need and with this they are not updating according to the market needs then there is possibility of entering new entrants (Porters 5-Forces Model). Marketing Strategies: Marketing strategy ensure the marketing activities remain associated with the business goal and maximizing the returns through the marketing efforts. http://www.easy-marketing-strategies.com/images/Mktg-Strategy-Process.jpg Source: (The Marketing Strategy Process) The marketing strategy of wedding associated with the understanding of customers needs and on the basis of these needs market and competitors analysis are performed. Marketing strategies in wedding planning business comprises of several strategies such as bridal segmentation, competitor research strategies, market research for bridal wedding, development of new business, planning for wedding media, strategies for networking etc (Wedding Marketing Unveiled; The Marketing Strategy Process). Financial Feasibility: The financial plan for a business comprises of estimated sales forecasting in order to evaluate estimated pricing, sales and menu etc. This financial plan gives ray for establishing business by arranging all expenses within budget. Financial plan for a business comprises of following heads: Summarize the financial needs. Forecasting sales through the analysis of market. Specify profit margin. Plan for income statement. Balance sheet Forecasting for flow of cash. Planning for capital spending (Weinberg). Conclusion: Wedding planning business is the emerging field, due to the time constraints. In todays era people are too busy in their vocations and business and thus could not get time to plan and execute the wedding event. This leads to creation of wedding planning business. Wedding planning includes the identifying and formulating the strategies associated with the event as per the requirement of the customers. It covers arrangements of all the activities along with the market and financial aspect. Wedding planners are very helpful in making the event successful and memorable.

Biography of William Shakespeare :: William Shakespeare Writers Playwrights Essays

Biography of William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a playwrite in England. The Merchant of Veniceis one of his many â€Å"comedies.† Some scholars however, have made the argument that the play is one of his tragedies. Other tragedies of Shakespeare include Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare lived in a time when Jews had been expelled from England for over three centuries. However, as a playwrite, Shakespeare also probably faced much prejudice and hatred—theater was banned from his home town of London during his lifetime and so the theaters had to move outside of the city walls. This situation may have made him sypathetic to the plight of Jews, hence the play as a work of tragedy. Shakespeare married a woman named Anne Whateley, but he may have also had a male lover during his lifetime—a practice not uncommon for men of his era. Many of his sonnets suggest the possibility of this. Shakespeare’s comedies, performed at the Globe theater, were played to an audience which included as many peasants as it did nobles and loyalty, and so the comedy appeals to this lower class as well. Shakespeare’s works are full of political humor, but also run rampant with sexual and scatalogical humor. Shakespeare lived during the reign of Queen Elizabeth who had a man in her service who she cared for deeply (she never married during her reign, but was rumored to have lovers) and who was rumored to be a Jew. If this had been the case, Shakespeare’s play would have to have been sensitive to her favor. Hence, more evidence of the play as a tragedy. In Shakespeare’s time, it was the common practice for men to play the parts of women in most productions.

How Psychological Research Has Helped in the Understanding of Criminal Behaviour Essay

Albert Bandura created the bobo doll experiment in 1961, the aim of this experiment was to show that if children where witnesses to aggressive displays by an adult of some sort they would imitate this behaviour when given an opportunity. The tested group contained 36 young girls and 36 young boys all aged between 4 and 5 years which was then divided into 3 groups of 24 – the aggressive condition, the non aggressive condition and the control group. The first group involved the children watching aggressive models, where the children where then subdivided by sex of the role model they were exposed to. The second group involved the children watched non aggressive models, where the children were also subdivided by the sex of the role model which they were exposed to. This left the two conditioned groups subdivided into eight experimental groups each containing 6 subjects. They were 6 boys with the same sex model, 6 boys with opposite model, 6 girls with the same sex model and 6 girls with the opposite model. With 3 different groups, Bandura had created a complicated design for the study which resulted in 3 independent variables; the conditions the children were exposed to, the sex of the child and the sex of the role model. Each child was then tested individually and the findings where then recorded. The experiment was done in an artificial environment and the researcher manipulated the independent variables into the conditions. In stage one of the experiment, the children were brought into the experimental room by the examiner. The room was set out as a nursery play room since that was the appropriate setting for the age of the children. One corner of the room had been arranged as a child’s play area consisting of a small table and chair and picture stickers. In the opposite corner of the room was where the adult models would be followed by a small table and chair, tinker toy set and a five foot bobo doll. In the aggressive condition the model began by playing with the tinker toy set but after a couple minutes the model turned its attention to the bobo doll and was aggressive towards the doll in a very distinctive way. Were as in the non aggressive condition the model ignored the bobo doll and played with the tinker toys in a gentle manner. After 10 minutes the children where then taken into new room. In stage two of the experiment the children were brought into a room with relativity attractive toys. In this room the children were to be subjected to mild aggression arousal. Once the children started to play with the toys, the experimenter took them off the children claiming they had been reserved for the other children. The children were then taken into the last and final room for stage three of the experiment. In this room the children were told they could play with any toys in there, the toys in stage three consisted of both non aggressive and aggressive toys. The children were kept in the room for 20 minutes where observations were made through a one way mirror by judges. With the observation and findings of this experiment, three measures of imitation were obtained. For this study the observers’ looked specifically for responses from the children that were very similar to the display by the adult model. They included; imitation of physical aggression, imitation of verbal aggression and imitation of non verbal aggression. With these observations, the researchers were able to consider which children imitate the models, which models the children imitated and whether the children showed a general increase of aggressive behaviour. The main findings of this study were that the children in aggressive model condition made more aggressive responses than the children in the non aggressive condition. They also found that the boys made more aggressive responses than girls, as well as the sex of the children being more aggressive if the model was of the same sex. These findings support Bandura’s social learning theory that children learn social behaviour through observation learning, which children learn through imitation. This study has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour as children learn through imitation and the environment which they grow up in have an effect on their behaviour. If a child has been brought up around abuse, criminal activity or consistent aggression then the child is most likely to offend by imitating their role model which could be a parent, sibling or even just a role model which they look up to. Philip Zimbardo (1971) – Stanford prison experiment – Dr Philip Zimbardo created the Stanford prison experiment in 1971, the aim of this experiment was to find out the psychological effects of prison life, and to what extent can moral people be seduced to act immorally. The study consisted of 24 students selected out of 75, the roles of these 24 men were randomly assigned, 12 to play prison guards and 12 to play prisoners. The prison set up was built inside the Stanford’s psychological department, doors where taken of laboratory rooms and replaced with steel bars in order to create cells. At the end of the corridor was the small opening which became the solitary confinement for the ‘bad prisoners’. Throughout the prison there were no windows or clocks to judge the passage in time, which resulted in time distorting experiences. After only a few hours, the participants adapted to their roles well beyond expectations, the officers starting displaying authorisation and subject some of the prisoners to humiliation and torture whilst the prisoners developed passive attitudes towards the guards and accepted the physical abuse that was given to them. On the second day with surprise an unexpected rebellion broke out, reinforcement was called and more guards where to be on duty however the prisoners refused to leave their cells, barricading themselves in. This early in to the experiment the prisoners had already felt a loss of identity to the extent they started to refer to themselves as their inmate number rather than name. Even Dr Zimbardo himself started to lose sight of his role in the experiment believing he was in fact a ‘prison superintendent’ rather than a psychologist. Due to the extent of the rebellion the guards were forced to show more authority over them which led to the creation of the ‘privileged cell’. In order to break down the ‘superior’ inmates the guards placed the good prisoners in the privileged cell for a few hours, then placed the good prisoners back into the bad cells causing confusion within the inmates, breaking the trust and isolating them. Within a week the study was abandoned as the experiment was no longer a simple simulation, instead the guards saw the prisoners as troublemakers they were made out to be. In response to this they began stepping up control, surveillance and aggression whilst the prisoner started breaking down emotionally being unable to handle the situation anymore. From the observations and information given by Dr Zimbardo’s reports, this study has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour as it relates to imitation and conformity. The guards imitated the behaviour of real guards adapting the role quiet quickly. The prisoners also adapted the role quickly falling into depression and conforming to each other. This also helps how a person mental state can change their behaviour, with the prisoners they soon became depressed and mentally unstable, and this shows that when put into a certain disciplinary situation the mind adapts causing them to act immorally. Solomon Ashce (1951) – Conformity experiment- Solomon Ashce conducted the conformity experiment in 1951. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the extent of social pressure from a majority group can affect a person to conform. For this experiment Ashe used a lab experiment. Ashe used 8 participants for this experiment, 7 confederates and 1 naive participant. The 7 confederates had previously agreed to what their responses would be when presented with the line task. However the real participant had no knowledge of this and was led to believe that the other 7 participants were also real. With this experiment each person had to state aloud which line was most like the target line, (A, B or C). The answer was always an obvious one. The real participant always gave his or her answer last in order to see if they conformed or not. In some trials, the confederates gave the wrong answer whereas in some they gave the correct obvious answer. In the experiment there was 18 trials altogether and the confederates gave the wrong answer 12 out of the total 18. Ashce main observation was to find out if the real participant would end up conforming based on the majority views given by the other 7 participants. The results were then drawn up and out of the 18 trails, around 75% of the trials the real participant conformed even though he or she knew the answers were wrong. From the observations, this study has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour as it explains that criminals may have previously been highly exposed to such aggressive behaviour causing them to conform. This shows that publicly any source of aggressive behaviour or criminal activity can lead to conformity causing more criminal behaviour. Anderson and Dill (2000) – Violence in video games study- Both Anderson and Dill conducted the relation between violence and video games study in 2000. The aim of this study was to find out how violent video games relate to aggressive behaviour. Their first study consisted of 227 students which were given a questionnaire in order to get data on their aggressive behaviour patterns. This study looked at the long-term exposure to video games and what effect it has on aggression towards people. The findings of the first study relating to the questionnaire came back with positive relations between the violence portrayed in video games and aggressive behaviour. The second study which Anderson and Dill conducted was to approach the impact that video games have on aggressive thoughts, social view and mood of a person. This study consisted of 210 students which were given a choice of 2 video games a non violent game ‘Myst’ or a violent interactive video game ‘Wolfstein 3D’. With the non violent game the objective was to travel the island of Myst, finding clues and making your own ending depending on the journey you took. With the violent game the objective was to eliminate the enemy ‘Adolf Hitler’ choosing your own hero and variety of weapons. With each game the students were allocated 3 slots for a period of 15minutes each. The findings of this study concluded Anderson and Dills knowledge and opinions that those exposed to the violent video game gained more aggressive behaviour than those who were not exposed to violence. From the observations, this study has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour as it states that playing video games may increase aggressive behaviour because the violent acts are continually repeated throughout the game. Video games also encourage players to identify and interact through role play of their favourite characters causing them to imitate the character they are playing. Referring to first person in a game, it causes lead players to make their own decisions in the game affecting the actions of the character. Anderson and Dills studies show that after a limited amount of time playing violent video games, a player can start to automatically prime aggressive thoughts which can lead to aggressive behaviour. This shows that continually playing violent video games can affect a person’s thought patters leading to automatic aggressive behaviour through imitation of their favourite characters which could lead to criminal activity. Jahoda name study (1954)- Jahoda created the name study or as it is also called the self fulfilling prophecy. Jahoda studied the Ashanti tribe people who gave their boys ‘soul names’ depending on what day of the week they were born. For example, boys born a Monday were expected to be peaceful and full of good, whereas boys born on Wednesday which were called ‘Kwaku’ were expected to be aggressive and quick tempered. Jahoda found that when looking at prison and court records 13. 5% of boys that had been referred to court to court where from boys that were born on Wednesday, yet they were responsible for over 22% of violent crimes which was significantly higher than would be expected and shows that Wednesdays boys tended to live up to their reputation. However as for the boys born on Monday, they found that only 6. 9% of all juvenile cases where of minor offences. This implies that stereotypes of the boys behaviours depending on which day of the week they were born caused them to live up to expectations of their names. Jahoda concluded from all this that there was indeed nothing magical about the day of the week the boys were born on but of effect of expectations has on a person’s behaviour. From the observations and findings, this study has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour as it links to the effect of rehabilitation and the study of the self fulfilling prophecy. If the offenders have the expectation that they should behave in such a way, rehabilitation may be more difficult. Overall the psychological theory of criminal behaviour suggests that negative expectations cause curtain’s to behave towards others in a specific way because their stereotypes – self fulfilling prophecy. Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) – Self fulfilling prophecy- Both Rosenthal and Jacobson also conducted a self fulfilling prophecy study and the way that people behave according to profiling or being stereotyped in 1968. Their study was conducted on students in a classroom which was also known as the ‘Pygmalion in the classroom’. The students were then put into groups of what the students think they will achieve, where they were then treated in a way that their ability group could achieve. All students completed an IQ test before the study. The findings of this study concluded Rosenthal and Jacobson’s theory that when people are put into groups or have been stereotyped into a group can cause people’s behaviour to change as they will live up to the expectations of the stereotype. The findings found were that after two years the students that were put into the group for higher levels achieved higher than the other students in any other group. These students were known to have been given additional feedback and extra attention so the finding expected had were correct. From the findings, this study has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour as it shows that when categorised into a stereotype, people soon learn to live up to that expectation, behaving in a certain way. This also has an impact on a person’s self esteem, causing them to act undesirably and maybe even lead them to turn to crime. Eden (1990) – Self fulfilling prophecy- Eden also conducted the self fulfilling prophecy study in 1990, this study explains why some people turn to crime due to the way they have been stereotyped or labelled into a certain group. For this study, Eden looked at the training of 1000 Israeli soldiers and had them organised into 29 platoons. Some platoon trainers were told their groups were above the average potential but other trainers were told nothing. The findings of this study showed that after 10 weeks the performance of all soldiers were assessed and was found that on both the written exam and weapon test, the soldiers who had been told they were above the average potential did overall better than others, even though all soldiers were at an average level. These findings concluded Eden’s expectations that when labelled into a certain group, a person can adjust to behave according to expectations within the labelled group. This study has helped in understanding of criminal behaviour as it shows the stereotypes and labelled groups can influence a person’s self esteem leading them to behave in a certain way and if the stereotype is negative it can cause a person to turn to crime. Sheehan (1983) – TV violence and aggression Sheehan conducted the TV violence and aggression study in 1983. This study consisted of a group of middle class children aged between 5 and 10 to help find the link between children’s TV viewing and aggressive behaviour. Throughout the study data was gathered about the participants’ parents and the researchers also asked about the children’s aggressive fantasies to whether it would physically injure a person. Sheehan found that there were correlations between viewing violence and peer rated correlations for children that were aged between 8 and 10, with the correlations being stronger for the boys than the girls. The results were recorded by looking whether the child injured of irritated another person. These findings can relate to the social learning theory as he found that boys were more likely to imitate male models but overall looking at the data Sheehan collected, those who watched violent TV and films became more aggressive towards others than those who did not. This study has helped in understanding of criminal behaviour as it shows that continuously watching violent and aggressive TV programmes can affect a person’s thought patterns leading to automatic aggressive behaviour and imitation of their favourite characters which could lead to criminal activity.

It’s a Good Life vs Twilight Zone Essay

After comparing the story â€Å"It’s A Good Life† by Jerome Bixby to the movie adaptation of Twilight Zone, I found many differences in each account. In Jerome Bixby’s version, Anthony is a 3 year old little boy. He has purple eyes, and is a creature with godlike powers. He can transform people and objects into anything that he wants, and he can read others minds. In this story, Anthony does not speak until the very end. Anthony plays with a rat during the story. He is bored from playing with it, so he makes the rat eat itself. At the end of the story, Anthony turned Dan into a creepy object and wishes him into the cornfield. In the Twilight Zone, Anthony is portrayed as a six year old little boy. He has blue eyes, instead of purple. He is a monster with godlike powers, also. He controls and destroys the things around him whenever he wants. Anthony speaks throughout the entire screen version. He creates a three-headed animal that he plays with during the Twilight Zone. At the end of the episode, Anthony turns Dan into a jack-in-the-box. Some structural differences between the two accounts is the dialogue of Anthony. In the story, he does not speak until the very end. In Twilight Zone, he talks throughout the entire episode. The screen version of â€Å"It’s A Good Life† is more effective. It keeps the audience’s attention, and it is more appealing. The story version does not hold the audience’s attention throughout the entire story. The screen version includes more details and is more in-depth than Jerome Bixby’s version.

Television is the most popular souse of information these days Essays

Television is the most popular souse of information these days Essays Television is the most popular souse of information these days Essay Television is the most popular souse of information these days Essay You can find out anything about anybody Just by switching the channels and watching the news. The bad part is that its getting worse everyday. First of all, in our days television is promoting people that have nothing relevant or important to say. More, you cant see something interesting on TV, Just useless shows that only teach you how to be a person with low intelligent level, like Paris Hilltops shows or Till Tequila. Secondly, television is a bad influence upon kids and teenagers, because there are no role models these days in our society, Just stupid celebrities with bad conception about life. They make teenagers think that everything is fine and that they will always live in a nice pink world as long as they have swag, money and fame. Thirdly, a lot of naive people are harassed by shows reporters because they invade their private lifes and put it on screen, telling lies and assuming things that may or may not be true. People have the right to immunity and television is not respecting this aspect. By contrast, there are some good things about television, things that should be pretty important for all people. Programs that have a lot of educational TV shows that teach us about important and interesting stuff, like Animal Planet, History, National Geographic. These kind of shows are great for kids and even for adults, because it improves your knowledge. My opinion is that there are some good parts about Television, but there are more bad parts of it and if the society would ask for more educational shows they would get it, but people are used to this and they live with it.

Theories of Goal-Oriented Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories of Goal-Oriented Communication - Essay Example Talented, the movie portrays John as not socially awkward, able to maintain friendships, and a healthy dating life. In this way, the viewer sees John as what many would consider being the very picture of a hopeful and bright future; he has friends, is incredibly smart, and the future itself is bright and open to whatever task he may set his mind to. Yet, as one who has watched the movie and analyzed its contents, the viewer can readily see that the filmmaker is merely relating the beginning of a story of which this first part of John’s life will not be the key determinant. Yet, beyond the story of mental disability that he suffers, the movie also represents an undercurrent of struggle that the protagonist has with accepting and understanding the reality around him. In this way, the following analysis will examine three theories of interpersonal communication and apply and relate them to the film in question. The first theory which will be discussed in relation to the film is k nown as relational patterns of interaction theory. Within this theory, it is understood that communication is oftentimes best understood and exhibited based on certain key determinants; such as the relationship or pattern that exists between the individuals involved in the communication. In this way, the manner in which John interacts with his wife and his family is oftentimes shown to be far more helpful than the manner in which he interacts with unknown individuals within the workplace (Goldreich 65). Similarly, a secondary theory that applies to the given case is with regards to symmetrical relationships. Due to the fact that John suffers from an acute case of schizophrenia, the viewer is led to assume that he will be unable to function in the world any longer.

Financial Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Assignment - Research Paper Example The pay back period for project 1 is 2 years and 2 months while the payback period for project 2 is 3 years and 8 months. Judging from the payback period, project 1 is more favorable as there is less risk involved when compared with the risks of project 2. The initial outlay is recovered earlier by project 1. Moreover, the ARR also favors Project 1, therefore the expected profitability of the project is higher than the profitability of project 2. TASK 2: UNDISCOUNTED CASH FLOW - PAY BACK PERIOD YEARS PROJECT 1 CASH INFLOW/ OUTFLOW BALANCE PROJECT 2 CASH INFLOW/ OUTFLOW BALANCE 0 (90,000) (90000) (90000) (90000) 1 20000 (70000) 10000 (80000) 2 80000 10000 40000 (40000) 3 45000 55000 40000 0 4 40000 40000 5 20000 20000 The payback period for Project 1 is 1 year and 11 months. [Working: 70000 80000 12 months]. The payback period for Project 2 is 2 years. If the time value of money is ignored, Project 1 is again more profitable as it involves less risk as compared to the undertaken of Project 2 which has a higher payback period. TASK 3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW: The method takes into the account the time value of money. It produces more meaningful results than the payback period. It is more complicated than ARR and Payback and requires a number of calculations if solved manually. PAYBACK: It is simple to calculate. Calculation of net cash flows is more objective than calculation of profitability. It indicates the project with the least risk. It ignores the life expectancy of a project. Two projects may have a similar payback period even though the pattern of cash inflows may be different. It ignores the time value of money. ACCOUNTING RATE OF RETURN It is easy to calculate. It can be used to compare the expected profitability of a project with the present profitability of the business. It is based on average annual profit which may not be similar for each year. The timing of cash flows is ignored. It also ignores the time value of money. There is no commonly accepted method of calculating capital employed. It takes no account of the duration of the project. References: Discounted cash flow. (2007). Retrieved August 17, 2007, from Investopedia Web site: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dcf.asp Payback Period. (2007). Retrieved August 17, 2007, from 12 manage: http://www.12manage.com/methods_payback_period.html Randall, H. (1996). Capital Expenditure Appraisal.